Lamarckism
Organic evolution
The doctrine of organic evolution states that the present day organisms are modified but lineal descendants of species that lived in former geological times and that more complex and highly differentiated forms have evolved from simpler ones by gradual modifications. It is still in operation.
One of the first attempts to explain the organic evolution was made by French Biologist Jean Baptiste Lamarck n 1809. he outlined his ideas in his book Philosophie Zoologique published in 1809.
This theory is based on observation that the changes in the environment lead to the changed pattern in the species.
This theory consists of four postulates or facts
Tendency to grow - the internal forces of life tends to increase in size of parts of an organism on the whole up to a certain limit. The limit is determined by life itself.
Formation of new organs - new organ or a part in the body is formed due to long felt need or want. For example webbed toes in duck.
Effects of use and disuse - the more frequently and continuously and animal used an organ; the more it was strengthened, developed and enlarged. If an organ wan not used, it gradually weakened and finally disappeared. For example legs of snake.
Inheritances of acquired character -- all changes which organism acquire during life time are acquired characters. These characters are inherited in the generations. The acquire characters go on accumulating through generations and finally in long course of time produce organism entirely different from the pre existing ones. So, this theory is also known as Theory of acquired characters. For example, Giraffe developed long neck and long legs by continuous effort and stretching to reach the higher level of trees. The longer neck and legs produced, passed on to the next generations. Over long period of time after successive generations, the present day Giraffe with long neck and leg were evolved.
Draw backs
Lamarck’s theory is rejected because acquired characters are never inherited. Acquired characters can bring changes in body or somatic cells, but not in the germ cells.
August Weismann proved that acquired characters affect the body and are somatic; they can not be inherited since they do not affect germ cells. Any variation must be present in the germ cells if they are to be inherited. In one experiment, he cut tail of mice for 20 generations, mouse produced after that have same length of tail. No decrease in length at all.
This theory could not produce any example from plants.
Darwinism
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace jointly contributed a paper in 1858 putting forward the view that species had evolved by process of natural selection of those races most fitted to survive in particular surroundings. According to this theory, living organisms have common origin and through a series of small changes in the organism generation after generation new species are formed. This theory is known as theory of Natural Selection or Darwinism.
The theory of Natural Selection can be explained under following observations and consequences.
over production of offspring
Every lining organism tends to increase in a geometrical manner. Such reproductive
Potential of different species may be easily observed in nature. A single pair of English sparrow would be the ancestor of over 275 billion individuals in 10 years if they and their descendants could reproduce at their natural rate without any check. In case of slowest breeding animals like elephants, one pair of elephants in 800 years could have 29 million descendants in the absence of any check.
Total number of survivors remain nearly constant
In spite of their capacity to increase, population remains nearly constant. In case of fishes, they can lay large no of eggs, all the eggs do not hatch. Large number of fingerlings dies or killed before they reach reproductive age. Even in case of human beings, the mortality of infants is much higher. Besides, these are different checks by which population can not increase so high.
struggle for existence
the available food and other resources can support only a limited number of organisms . So animals and plants have to struggle for their existence.
Intraspecific struggle
Intraspecific struggle or competition occurs among the individuals of same species. This type of completion is fierce due to similar requirements. This may be for food, shelter and mate.
Interspecific struggle
This type of competition is found between two individuals of different species. The very common object for this type of competition is food.
Predation
There are different carnivore animals which kill and feed on the herbivores. These animals are said to be predators. Due to predation also no o animals are kept within limit.
Environmental struggle
Living organisms struggle with adverse environmental conditions like drought, heat cold, lightening, earthquake, volcanic eruption heavy rainfall flood etc. Besides out break of diseases, war etc can kill large no. of animals and plants.
variations and heredity
Individuals always try to become better adopted to utilize the resources and to survive successfully. For this they may have certain modifications or changes in their bodies. These changes are called variations. Variations are of two types. Some variations are harmful which make the animal unfit but some variations are useful or favorable. Useful variations are quite significant and make organisms fit in their environment. The same variation may be harmful at one environment but useful at other environment. Variations are inherited in the progeny and therefore progeny have better chances of survival.
Survival of fittest or Natural Selection
Those individuals having favorable variations would survive and propagate their kind. They can increase their population. Herbert Spencer called it survival of the fittest. Those which are fit can survive. According to Darwin, it is Natural Selection. Only those animals having favorable variations are selected. The animals with harmful variations will decline and one day they will become extinct.
Origin of species
Useful variations are accumulated generation after generation for thousands of years. After long time, the generations produced will be quite different from parents. This is the emergence of new subspecies. These new subspecies later on form different species. In this way new species in originated. Some process of variations with heredity accompanied by natural selection was sufficient over the vast geological time to produce all the living animals of today.
Natural Selection is admitted today as the most probable explanation of evolution. With the scanty of knowledge of the nature of variations and heredity before 1900, little could be added to what Darwin knew of the phenomena.
Criticism
A. Mutation is the process in which sudden large variations occur in the animal’s body. It is now proved that mutation has powerful role in evolution. Darwin ignored mutation.
B. Darwin could not identify the heritable variation and non heritable variation. Because only the heritable variations are counted.
C. Natural selection is not a creating or initiating force but only directing or controlling factor. Natural selection operated only after variations have appeared. It accounts for preservation rather that origin of favorable variation.
D. Darwin’s theory does not show how natural selection is brought about nor does it explain the origin of non useful variations.
E. This theory explained the survival of the fittest but not arrival of the fittest.
Neo Darwinism
On these and several other grounds it is now held by many scientists that the theory of natural selection is not only the factor in evolution. Darwin and his contemporaries were not aware of cytological and genetic information which became available later on. Since Darwin’s time interest has not lessened in the matter of how evolution has taken place. At present, the most widely accepted theory of evolution incorporates many of Darwin’s ideas into a frame work of genetics. Neo Darwinism is modification of Darwin’s theory taking into account the results of more recent work.
Scientist like Dobzhansky, RA Fischer, Julian Huxley, JBS Haldane Sewell Wright, Hugo de vries etc contributed to the Neo Darwinism.
It is based on following facts.
Mutation -- it is the sudden heritable change which occur in the chromosome.
Genetic recombination -- crossing over in the meiotic division brings changes in the genetic composition. It is responsible for the variations in the population.
Natural Selection -- useful variations are preserved by natural selection.
Genetic drift or Sewell Wright Effect -- variation in gene frequencies within populations can occur by chance than by natural selection. It is important in small or isolated population.
Reproductive isolation -- it can help to bring more changes in new environment. When not mixed, they become more and more different from one another.
Monday, April 13, 2009
Monday, March 30, 2009
preboard 2065 of Himalayan whitehouse
Subject Biology FM 75
Grade XII PM 27
Time 3 hrs
Section A Zoology
1.
Answer all in very short
1x7=7
a.
What are Myoblasts?
b.
Who made the first attempt for test tube baby?
c.
Write the function of Coweper’s gland.
d.
Define human population growth rate.
e.
What do you mean by total lung capacity?
f.
Define accomadation of an eye.
g.
What is arteriosclerosis?
2.
Answer all in brief
3x5=15
a.
Draw a line sketch to show different types of connective tissues
b.
An organ transplantation is more complicated than the tissue transplantation. Discuss.
c.
Describe the gastric digestion in man.
d.
Discuss the structure and functions of cochlea.
e.
Give an account of adrenal cortex.
3.
Explain the formation of coelom in frog
7.5
4.
Describe the mechanism of Urine formation in man.
8
OR
Discuss the causative agent, made of transmission , symptoms diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures of Typhoid.
Section B Botany
1.
Answer all in very short 1x7=7
1x7=7
a.
What is secondary growth?
b.
Define nyctinasty.
c.
What is a homozygous organism?
d.
Name the diploid nucleus formed inside an embryo sac.
e.
Discuss the application of fermentation technology in food industry.
f.
What do you understand by syngamy?
g.
Define micropropagation.
2.
Answer in brief.
3X5=15
a.
Explain the law of independent assortment.
b.
Discuss the factors responsible for changing gene frequency.
c.
Write about he importance of transpiration.
d.
How is layering done in strawberry?
e.
Discuss the application of fermentation technology in food industry.
3.
Describe the internal structure of monocot root with the help of a neat, well labeled diagram. Point out its differences with that of dicot root.
7.5
OR
Explain various steps of Kreb’s cycle and point out its end products.
4.
Define polyploidy. Describe its types and mention its significance.
8
Grade XII PM 27
Time 3 hrs
Section A Zoology
1.
Answer all in very short
1x7=7
a.
What are Myoblasts?
b.
Who made the first attempt for test tube baby?
c.
Write the function of Coweper’s gland.
d.
Define human population growth rate.
e.
What do you mean by total lung capacity?
f.
Define accomadation of an eye.
g.
What is arteriosclerosis?
2.
Answer all in brief
3x5=15
a.
Draw a line sketch to show different types of connective tissues
b.
An organ transplantation is more complicated than the tissue transplantation. Discuss.
c.
Describe the gastric digestion in man.
d.
Discuss the structure and functions of cochlea.
e.
Give an account of adrenal cortex.
3.
Explain the formation of coelom in frog
7.5
4.
Describe the mechanism of Urine formation in man.
8
OR
Discuss the causative agent, made of transmission , symptoms diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures of Typhoid.
Section B Botany
1.
Answer all in very short 1x7=7
1x7=7
a.
What is secondary growth?
b.
Define nyctinasty.
c.
What is a homozygous organism?
d.
Name the diploid nucleus formed inside an embryo sac.
e.
Discuss the application of fermentation technology in food industry.
f.
What do you understand by syngamy?
g.
Define micropropagation.
2.
Answer in brief.
3X5=15
a.
Explain the law of independent assortment.
b.
Discuss the factors responsible for changing gene frequency.
c.
Write about he importance of transpiration.
d.
How is layering done in strawberry?
e.
Discuss the application of fermentation technology in food industry.
3.
Describe the internal structure of monocot root with the help of a neat, well labeled diagram. Point out its differences with that of dicot root.
7.5
OR
Explain various steps of Kreb’s cycle and point out its end products.
4.
Define polyploidy. Describe its types and mention its significance.
8
Sunday, March 22, 2009
answer to the very short questions
I will post the answers to the very short questions of model questions 2065 very soon. If you have any very short questions to be answered by me, send me. thankyou.
raghubar
raghubar
Wednesday, March 18, 2009
biology model question for XI 2065
MODEL QUESTI0N FOR CLASS XI 2065
Sub - Biology set I Full marks 75
Time 3 hours Pass mark 27
Section A Zoology
Q.no.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven) . 1X7=7
1.1 Differentiate between anadromous migration and catadromous migration in fishes .
1.2 How is biology related to chemistry ?
1.3 Name the excretory organ found in Platyhelminthes and annelids
1.4 Name the muscles that controls the movement of setae of earthworm .
1.5 What is the function of choanoderm in Porifera?
1.6 What do you mean by atavism ?1.7 What is cyclosis?
1.8. What is the omentum?
1.9. What is the function of meganucleus in Paramecium?
1.10. What are the analogous organs for?
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 3x5=15
2.1 Differentiate between old world monkey and new world monkey.
2.2 Discuss the economical importance of Earthworm.
2.3 Describe the aquatic adaptation feature of fishes .
2.4 What are the functions of pancreas in frog?
2.5. Describe the effects of air pollution on human body.
2.6. Discuss the structure of liver of frog.
2.7. Describe the sporogony in the life cycle of Plasmodium.
Q.No.3. Describe the structure and working mechanism of the heart of frog. [8]
OR
Describe the structure of digestive organ of Pheretima.
Q.No.4.Write an account of human evolution starting from Ramapethicus . [7.5]
Section B Botany
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven). [1X7]
1.1. What is syngenesious stamen .
1.2. In which case there is inverted ecological pyramid present ?
1.3. What is coenocytic mycelium?
1.4. Give the full form of ADP and AMP
1.5.What are leucoplast?Mention their function
1.6. Write the function of heterosyst in Nostoc
1.7. Define crossing over.
1.8. What is flower?
1.9. What is cone?
1.10 Give any two functions of Golgi body.
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 5x3=15
2.1. Name the different biotic components of the pond ecosystem
2.2 What are the economical importance of Bacteria
2.3. Describe the structure and function of chloroplast.
2.4. Discuss the consequence of ozone layer depletion .
2.5. Draw well labeled diagram of cynobacterial cell. No description required.
2.6. What is placentation? Mention their types with example.
2.7. Write the short comings of two kingdom system of classification.
Q.No.3. Write the distinguishing character of family Cruciferae with floral diagram and formula. Give the botanical names of any three economically plants . [8]
OR
Define alternaion of generation .Discuss it with reference to diagrammatic life cycle of Funaria
Q.No.4. Define food chain .Discuss it with reference of pond system . [7.5]
MODEL QUESTI0N FOR CLASS XI 2065
Set II
Sub - Biology Full marks 75
Time 3 hours Pass mark 27
Section A Zoology
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief(any seven) . 1X7=7
1.1 What was the kind of atmosphere in the primitive earth?
1.2 Who coined the term Biology?
1.3. Who used the phrase “ survival of the fittest” for the first time?
1.4. What is the function of omentum?
1.5. Name the theory given by Hugo de Vries.
1.6.Why protoplasmic bridge are formed in Paracemium?
1.7. What are the characters for the fossorial adaptation?
1.8. What is the function of typhlosole in earthworm?
1.9. In which group of animal, do you find the stinging cells?
1.10. Who propounded the new theory regarding the flow of blood in the heart?
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 3x5=15
2.1. Write short note on erythrocytic schizogony.
2.2. Give the general characters and classification of Arthropoda.
2.3. What are the causes of extinction of wildlife in Nepal.
2.4.Discuss protein as biomolecule.
2.5 Describe the asexual reproduction in Paramecium
2.6. Describe the spontaneous generation theory.
2.7. Discuss the old theory regarding the flow of blood in forg.
Q.No.3. Give a brief account of human evolution. [8]
Q.No.4. Discuss the physiology of digestion in frog. 7.5 Or
Describe reproductive system of earthworm.
Section B Botany
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven). [1X7]
1.1. Define cellular totipotency.
1.2. Why is mitochondrion called the power house of cell?
1.3 Write down the functions of chloroplast.
1.4 Why are the nucleic acids are important for life?
1.5. What do you mean by scalariform conjugation?1.6 Give one difference between corolloid root and mycorrhizal root
1.7. What is leaf?
1.8. What is the role of producers in Ecosystem?
1.9. Why is Spirogyra called water silk?
1.10 Give any two important characters of Kingdom Monera
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following.(any five). 5x3=15
2.1. Draw well labled diagram of cynobacterical cell. No description required.
2.2. Discuss the roles of edaphic factors in the ecosystem
2.3 Explain the characters of plant community.
2.4 Discuss protein as biomolecule.
2.5 Give an out line classification of 5 kingdom system. Mention its advantages and
disadvantages.
2.6 Briefly describe the economic importance of Bacteria
2.7. What do you mean by the following terms? A) Epipetalous B) Cruciform corolla C) Didelphous stamens
Q.No.3. . Give the salient features of Solanacae in semitechnical terms with its floral formula, diagram and two scientific names of economically important plants of this family. 8 Or
What is pollution ? Describe water pollution, their effect and control measures
Q.No.4. Describe the sexual reproduction in Mucor [7.5]
MODEL QUESTI0N FOR CLASS XI 2065
Sub - Biology set III Full marks 75
Time 3 hours Pass mark 27
Section A Zoology
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief(any seven) . 1X7=7
1.1 What is incubation period?1.2 What is the function of seminal vesicle in earthworm?
1.3 Write down the two endangered species of animals with scientific names
1.4 What is the gist of Lamarckism?
1.5 What do you mean by cyclosis in Paramecium?
1.6 What do the homologous organs show?
1.7 What do you understand by convergent evolution?
1.8.What is the function of fat bodies in reproduction?
1.9. What is physiology and cytology?
1.10. Why are the Protozoans immortal?
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 3x5=15
2.1 Write down the conservation strategies of wild life.
2.2 Illustrate the functions of liver.
2.3. Why Archaeopteryx is regarded as connecting link?2.4 Discuss the new theory regarding the flow of blood from auricles to ventricle in frog.
2.5 Describe the Urey Miller experiment with diagram.
2.6. Describe the cocoon formation in earthworm.
2.7. Describe the Erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium.
Q.No.3.. Discuss the Theory of Natural Selection with its draw backs 8
OR
What is conjugation? Describe the process of conjugation in Paramecium. 7.5
Q.No.4.Describe the Amphibian Heart with suitable diagram.
Section B Botany
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief(any seven) . [1X7]
1.1. Name the colouring pigment of red algae.
1.2 What is symbiosis? Give examples.
1.3 What are the bioindicators of air pollution?
1.4 Write down the names of subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes.
1.5 Write one major character of metaphase of mitosis.
1.6. Name two species of Pinus found in Nepal.
1.7. Give two importances of Cyanobaceteria.
1.8. What is phylotaxy?
1.9. Give the classification of Cycas.
1.10 Who gave the concept of totipotency and cell theory?
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 5x3=15
2.1. Name the different biotic components of the pond ecosystem
2.2 What are the economical nature of Bacteria
2.3. Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.
2.4. Differentiate between primary and secondary succession.
2.5. Describe the impacts of deforestation.
2.6. What is aestivation? Discuss their types.
2.7 Describe cell structure of Spirogyra with well labeled diagram.
Q.No.3. What is biogeochemical cycle? Mention its types, also explain Nitrogen cycle in nature. 8 Or
Describe Papilionaceae in semitechnical terms with it floral formula & floral diagram. Write any four economically important plant of this family with scientific names.
Q.No.4. What is alternation of generation? Describe it with reference of Fern. 7.5
MODEL QUESTI0N FOR CLASS XI 2065
Sub - Biology set IV Full marks 75
Time 3 hours Pass mark 27
Section A Zoology
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven). 1X7=7
1.1.What is Anatomy?
1.2Write two important characteristic features of Phylum Echinodermata.
1.3What is the function of mesorchium?
1.4.Write the zoological names of Prawn and Spider.
1.5What is typhlosole? Mention its function.
1.6Write down the name of aminoacids found at the end of Miller and Urey’s experiment.
1.7What is the immediate ancestor of modern man
1.8. What is the method of asexual method in Paramecium?
1.9. What is she homodont?
1.10. At what time, Ramapethicus survived on the earth?
Q.no.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 5x3=15
2.1Give brief account of Reflex Action.
2.2Justify “ Earthworms are the friend of farmers”.
2.3Write a short note on Oparin and Haldane’s theory on Origin of life.
2.4Write down the causes of depletion of wild life.
2.5Give out line classification of Coelenterata with examples
2.6. Differentiate between Ape and Man
2.7. Describe the structure of tooth of frog.
Q.No.3.Describe the Theory of Natural Selection with its draw backs. 8
Q.No.4. Discuss the asexual life cycle of Plasmodium in man with well labeled diagram
Or
Describe the male reproductive system of Frog with labeled diagram. 7.5
Section B Botany
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief(any seven) . [1X7]
1.1Why is Deuteromycetes called fungi imperfecti?
1.2 Give the common names of Spirogyra and Funaria.
1.3What are the roles of decomposers in ecosystem?
1.4What are vascular cryptogams?
1.5. Define cell division.
1.6How are red algae able to survive and lead a successful life in deep sea?
1.7Name the pigments that are present in photoautotrophic bacteria
1.8. What do you mean by sporophyll?
1.9. Give any two xerophytic characters of Gymnoperm.
1.10.Give one difference between actinomorphic and zygomorphic flower.
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following.(any five). 5x3=15
2.1 Why are the viruses called Biological puzzles?
2.2.Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis cell division.
2.3.Explain haplo diplobiontic type of life cycle of yeast.
2.4.Draw a well labeled diagram of LS of capsule of Funaria.
2.5.Protein is one of the important biomolecule. Justify this statement
2.6. What is acid rain? Give its consequences.
2.7. Draw the phyllogenetic and evolutionary line of five kingdom system of classification.
Q.No.3.Describe the family Poaceae in semi technical terms with their floral diagram and floral formula . write any two plants belonging to this family with economic importance 8 Or
Describe the diagrammatic life cycle of Marchantia
Q.No.4. Describe the pond as an example of aquatic ecosystem with suitable diagram 7.5
MODEL QUESTI0N FOR CLASS XI 2065
Sub - Biology Set V Full marks 75
Time 3 hours Pass mark 27
Section A Zoology
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven). 1X7=7
1.1. What is metamerical segmentation?
1.2. Give the meaning of plasmogamy and karyogamy
1.3. What is cyclosis?
1.4. What is physiology?
1.5. What is serological test carried out for?
1.6. Define the organic evolution and connecting link.
1.7. Classify Paramecium in scientific position.
1.8. Which artery supplies blood to the brain in frog?
1.9. What is the function of gizzard in earthworm?
1.10. What is rare animal? Give example.
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 5x3=15
2.1. Describe the Oparin and Haldane theory of origin of life on earth.
2.2. Draw a well labeled diagram of Frog.
2.3 Define endangered and vulnerable species and give the scientific name of any four endangered mammals of Nepal.
2.4. Discuss how the fossils give the evidences of organic evolution.
2.5. Earthworms are fiends of farmers. Justify.
2.6. Differentiate between cartilaginous and bony fishes.
2.7. Write down the characters of Phylum Mollusca.
Q.No.3. What is conjugation? Describe the process of conjugation in Paramecium 7.5
Or
What is portal system? Describe it with reference to frog.
Q.No.4.What is organic evolution? Trace out evolution of man starting from Ramapethicus. 8
Section B Botany
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven). [1X7]
1.1. Lysosome is also called suicidal bag of cell, why?
1.2. Where is archegonium formed in Funaria?
1.3. Give chief function of Ribosome.
1.4. Write two important character of Monera.
1.5. Mention one important difference between red and brown algae.
1.6. Write the function of heterocyst in nostoc.
1.7. Give the characteristic feature of Anaphase and Telophase of Mitosis.
1.8. What is leaf?
1.9. Give one difference between microsporophyll and megasporophyll
1.10. Which chemical give the rigidity to the cell wall.
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following.(any five) 5x3=15
2.1. Describe the asexual reproduction in Mucor.
2.2 Explain microgametogenesis.
2.3 Descrithe the structure and function of chloroplast.
2.4. Draw and describe the gametophyte of fern in short.
2.5. What is the modern trend in Taxonomy?
2.6. Write notes on medicinal and agricultural values of Bacteria.
2.7. Describe the different types of phylotaxy
Q.No.3.Describe the mitotic cell division 7.5
Q.No.4. Describe the life cycle of Spirogyra. 8 Or
Describe the family Solanaceae in semi technical terms with their floral diagram and floral formula . Write any two plants belonging to this family with economic importance
Sub - Biology set I Full marks 75
Time 3 hours Pass mark 27
Section A Zoology
Q.no.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven) . 1X7=7
1.1 Differentiate between anadromous migration and catadromous migration in fishes .
1.2 How is biology related to chemistry ?
1.3 Name the excretory organ found in Platyhelminthes and annelids
1.4 Name the muscles that controls the movement of setae of earthworm .
1.5 What is the function of choanoderm in Porifera?
1.6 What do you mean by atavism ?1.7 What is cyclosis?
1.8. What is the omentum?
1.9. What is the function of meganucleus in Paramecium?
1.10. What are the analogous organs for?
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 3x5=15
2.1 Differentiate between old world monkey and new world monkey.
2.2 Discuss the economical importance of Earthworm.
2.3 Describe the aquatic adaptation feature of fishes .
2.4 What are the functions of pancreas in frog?
2.5. Describe the effects of air pollution on human body.
2.6. Discuss the structure of liver of frog.
2.7. Describe the sporogony in the life cycle of Plasmodium.
Q.No.3. Describe the structure and working mechanism of the heart of frog. [8]
OR
Describe the structure of digestive organ of Pheretima.
Q.No.4.Write an account of human evolution starting from Ramapethicus . [7.5]
Section B Botany
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven). [1X7]
1.1. What is syngenesious stamen .
1.2. In which case there is inverted ecological pyramid present ?
1.3. What is coenocytic mycelium?
1.4. Give the full form of ADP and AMP
1.5.What are leucoplast?Mention their function
1.6. Write the function of heterosyst in Nostoc
1.7. Define crossing over.
1.8. What is flower?
1.9. What is cone?
1.10 Give any two functions of Golgi body.
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 5x3=15
2.1. Name the different biotic components of the pond ecosystem
2.2 What are the economical importance of Bacteria
2.3. Describe the structure and function of chloroplast.
2.4. Discuss the consequence of ozone layer depletion .
2.5. Draw well labeled diagram of cynobacterial cell. No description required.
2.6. What is placentation? Mention their types with example.
2.7. Write the short comings of two kingdom system of classification.
Q.No.3. Write the distinguishing character of family Cruciferae with floral diagram and formula. Give the botanical names of any three economically plants . [8]
OR
Define alternaion of generation .Discuss it with reference to diagrammatic life cycle of Funaria
Q.No.4. Define food chain .Discuss it with reference of pond system . [7.5]
MODEL QUESTI0N FOR CLASS XI 2065
Set II
Sub - Biology Full marks 75
Time 3 hours Pass mark 27
Section A Zoology
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief(any seven) . 1X7=7
1.1 What was the kind of atmosphere in the primitive earth?
1.2 Who coined the term Biology?
1.3. Who used the phrase “ survival of the fittest” for the first time?
1.4. What is the function of omentum?
1.5. Name the theory given by Hugo de Vries.
1.6.Why protoplasmic bridge are formed in Paracemium?
1.7. What are the characters for the fossorial adaptation?
1.8. What is the function of typhlosole in earthworm?
1.9. In which group of animal, do you find the stinging cells?
1.10. Who propounded the new theory regarding the flow of blood in the heart?
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 3x5=15
2.1. Write short note on erythrocytic schizogony.
2.2. Give the general characters and classification of Arthropoda.
2.3. What are the causes of extinction of wildlife in Nepal.
2.4.Discuss protein as biomolecule.
2.5 Describe the asexual reproduction in Paramecium
2.6. Describe the spontaneous generation theory.
2.7. Discuss the old theory regarding the flow of blood in forg.
Q.No.3. Give a brief account of human evolution. [8]
Q.No.4. Discuss the physiology of digestion in frog. 7.5 Or
Describe reproductive system of earthworm.
Section B Botany
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven). [1X7]
1.1. Define cellular totipotency.
1.2. Why is mitochondrion called the power house of cell?
1.3 Write down the functions of chloroplast.
1.4 Why are the nucleic acids are important for life?
1.5. What do you mean by scalariform conjugation?1.6 Give one difference between corolloid root and mycorrhizal root
1.7. What is leaf?
1.8. What is the role of producers in Ecosystem?
1.9. Why is Spirogyra called water silk?
1.10 Give any two important characters of Kingdom Monera
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following.(any five). 5x3=15
2.1. Draw well labled diagram of cynobacterical cell. No description required.
2.2. Discuss the roles of edaphic factors in the ecosystem
2.3 Explain the characters of plant community.
2.4 Discuss protein as biomolecule.
2.5 Give an out line classification of 5 kingdom system. Mention its advantages and
disadvantages.
2.6 Briefly describe the economic importance of Bacteria
2.7. What do you mean by the following terms? A) Epipetalous B) Cruciform corolla C) Didelphous stamens
Q.No.3. . Give the salient features of Solanacae in semitechnical terms with its floral formula, diagram and two scientific names of economically important plants of this family. 8 Or
What is pollution ? Describe water pollution, their effect and control measures
Q.No.4. Describe the sexual reproduction in Mucor [7.5]
MODEL QUESTI0N FOR CLASS XI 2065
Sub - Biology set III Full marks 75
Time 3 hours Pass mark 27
Section A Zoology
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief(any seven) . 1X7=7
1.1 What is incubation period?1.2 What is the function of seminal vesicle in earthworm?
1.3 Write down the two endangered species of animals with scientific names
1.4 What is the gist of Lamarckism?
1.5 What do you mean by cyclosis in Paramecium?
1.6 What do the homologous organs show?
1.7 What do you understand by convergent evolution?
1.8.What is the function of fat bodies in reproduction?
1.9. What is physiology and cytology?
1.10. Why are the Protozoans immortal?
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 3x5=15
2.1 Write down the conservation strategies of wild life.
2.2 Illustrate the functions of liver.
2.3. Why Archaeopteryx is regarded as connecting link?2.4 Discuss the new theory regarding the flow of blood from auricles to ventricle in frog.
2.5 Describe the Urey Miller experiment with diagram.
2.6. Describe the cocoon formation in earthworm.
2.7. Describe the Erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium.
Q.No.3.. Discuss the Theory of Natural Selection with its draw backs 8
OR
What is conjugation? Describe the process of conjugation in Paramecium. 7.5
Q.No.4.Describe the Amphibian Heart with suitable diagram.
Section B Botany
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief(any seven) . [1X7]
1.1. Name the colouring pigment of red algae.
1.2 What is symbiosis? Give examples.
1.3 What are the bioindicators of air pollution?
1.4 Write down the names of subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes.
1.5 Write one major character of metaphase of mitosis.
1.6. Name two species of Pinus found in Nepal.
1.7. Give two importances of Cyanobaceteria.
1.8. What is phylotaxy?
1.9. Give the classification of Cycas.
1.10 Who gave the concept of totipotency and cell theory?
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 5x3=15
2.1. Name the different biotic components of the pond ecosystem
2.2 What are the economical nature of Bacteria
2.3. Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.
2.4. Differentiate between primary and secondary succession.
2.5. Describe the impacts of deforestation.
2.6. What is aestivation? Discuss their types.
2.7 Describe cell structure of Spirogyra with well labeled diagram.
Q.No.3. What is biogeochemical cycle? Mention its types, also explain Nitrogen cycle in nature. 8 Or
Describe Papilionaceae in semitechnical terms with it floral formula & floral diagram. Write any four economically important plant of this family with scientific names.
Q.No.4. What is alternation of generation? Describe it with reference of Fern. 7.5
MODEL QUESTI0N FOR CLASS XI 2065
Sub - Biology set IV Full marks 75
Time 3 hours Pass mark 27
Section A Zoology
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven). 1X7=7
1.1.What is Anatomy?
1.2Write two important characteristic features of Phylum Echinodermata.
1.3What is the function of mesorchium?
1.4.Write the zoological names of Prawn and Spider.
1.5What is typhlosole? Mention its function.
1.6Write down the name of aminoacids found at the end of Miller and Urey’s experiment.
1.7What is the immediate ancestor of modern man
1.8. What is the method of asexual method in Paramecium?
1.9. What is she homodont?
1.10. At what time, Ramapethicus survived on the earth?
Q.no.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 5x3=15
2.1Give brief account of Reflex Action.
2.2Justify “ Earthworms are the friend of farmers”.
2.3Write a short note on Oparin and Haldane’s theory on Origin of life.
2.4Write down the causes of depletion of wild life.
2.5Give out line classification of Coelenterata with examples
2.6. Differentiate between Ape and Man
2.7. Describe the structure of tooth of frog.
Q.No.3.Describe the Theory of Natural Selection with its draw backs. 8
Q.No.4. Discuss the asexual life cycle of Plasmodium in man with well labeled diagram
Or
Describe the male reproductive system of Frog with labeled diagram. 7.5
Section B Botany
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief(any seven) . [1X7]
1.1Why is Deuteromycetes called fungi imperfecti?
1.2 Give the common names of Spirogyra and Funaria.
1.3What are the roles of decomposers in ecosystem?
1.4What are vascular cryptogams?
1.5. Define cell division.
1.6How are red algae able to survive and lead a successful life in deep sea?
1.7Name the pigments that are present in photoautotrophic bacteria
1.8. What do you mean by sporophyll?
1.9. Give any two xerophytic characters of Gymnoperm.
1.10.Give one difference between actinomorphic and zygomorphic flower.
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following.(any five). 5x3=15
2.1 Why are the viruses called Biological puzzles?
2.2.Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis cell division.
2.3.Explain haplo diplobiontic type of life cycle of yeast.
2.4.Draw a well labeled diagram of LS of capsule of Funaria.
2.5.Protein is one of the important biomolecule. Justify this statement
2.6. What is acid rain? Give its consequences.
2.7. Draw the phyllogenetic and evolutionary line of five kingdom system of classification.
Q.No.3.Describe the family Poaceae in semi technical terms with their floral diagram and floral formula . write any two plants belonging to this family with economic importance 8 Or
Describe the diagrammatic life cycle of Marchantia
Q.No.4. Describe the pond as an example of aquatic ecosystem with suitable diagram 7.5
MODEL QUESTI0N FOR CLASS XI 2065
Sub - Biology Set V Full marks 75
Time 3 hours Pass mark 27
Section A Zoology
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven). 1X7=7
1.1. What is metamerical segmentation?
1.2. Give the meaning of plasmogamy and karyogamy
1.3. What is cyclosis?
1.4. What is physiology?
1.5. What is serological test carried out for?
1.6. Define the organic evolution and connecting link.
1.7. Classify Paramecium in scientific position.
1.8. Which artery supplies blood to the brain in frog?
1.9. What is the function of gizzard in earthworm?
1.10. What is rare animal? Give example.
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following. .(any five) 5x3=15
2.1. Describe the Oparin and Haldane theory of origin of life on earth.
2.2. Draw a well labeled diagram of Frog.
2.3 Define endangered and vulnerable species and give the scientific name of any four endangered mammals of Nepal.
2.4. Discuss how the fossils give the evidences of organic evolution.
2.5. Earthworms are fiends of farmers. Justify.
2.6. Differentiate between cartilaginous and bony fishes.
2.7. Write down the characters of Phylum Mollusca.
Q.No.3. What is conjugation? Describe the process of conjugation in Paramecium 7.5
Or
What is portal system? Describe it with reference to frog.
Q.No.4.What is organic evolution? Trace out evolution of man starting from Ramapethicus. 8
Section B Botany
Q.No.1.Give answer in very brief (any seven). [1X7]
1.1. Lysosome is also called suicidal bag of cell, why?
1.2. Where is archegonium formed in Funaria?
1.3. Give chief function of Ribosome.
1.4. Write two important character of Monera.
1.5. Mention one important difference between red and brown algae.
1.6. Write the function of heterocyst in nostoc.
1.7. Give the characteristic feature of Anaphase and Telophase of Mitosis.
1.8. What is leaf?
1.9. Give one difference between microsporophyll and megasporophyll
1.10. Which chemical give the rigidity to the cell wall.
Q.No.2. Give the short answer of the following.(any five) 5x3=15
2.1. Describe the asexual reproduction in Mucor.
2.2 Explain microgametogenesis.
2.3 Descrithe the structure and function of chloroplast.
2.4. Draw and describe the gametophyte of fern in short.
2.5. What is the modern trend in Taxonomy?
2.6. Write notes on medicinal and agricultural values of Bacteria.
2.7. Describe the different types of phylotaxy
Q.No.3.Describe the mitotic cell division 7.5
Q.No.4. Describe the life cycle of Spirogyra. 8 Or
Describe the family Solanaceae in semi technical terms with their floral diagram and floral formula . Write any two plants belonging to this family with economic importance
Tuesday, March 10, 2009
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