for BLAS

1. Principle of independent assortment.

the law states that the agaenes of different characters located in different pairs of chromosomes are independent of one anotrher in theeir segregation during gamete formation ( meiosis) . the principle of independent assortment can also be defined as “ if we consider the inheritance of tow or more genes at a time their distribution in the gametes and in progeny of subsequent generations in independent of each other.

in the experiment of dihybrid cross between the round yellow and wrinkled green seed plants, we can get the emergence of new characters like round green and wrinkled yellow seed plants. these new characters in combination were not present in the parents.we have the ratio of the dihybrid cross as follows. The round yellow:round green:wrinkled yellow:wrinkled green is 9:3:3:1 in the F2 generation. this showed that the factors responsible characters are separated during the segregation and they are free to combine with any other of the factors. they combine haphazardly. there is no any hard and fast rule for their combination. this is known as principle of independent assortment.

Wildlife conservation

In fact, it refers to any living organisms(animals and plants), micro organisms living in its natural habitat. These are free from human check and interference. So it excludes the cultivated plants and domesticated animals. It is renewable natural resource.

Necessity for wild life conservation

• Helps in maintaining the balance of nature.
• Use commercially to earn foreign exchange if linked with tourism- ecotourism.
• Study by naturalists, biologists, help in conservation
• Provides means of sports and recreation.
• Cultural asset – deep rooted effect on art, sculpture, literature and religion.

Reasons for depletion of wildlife

• Absence of cover or shelter
• Deforestation for cultivation, urbanization etc, reduction in area for free movement, retard reproduction capacity
• Destruction of wild plants for timber, charcoal, firewood; deprive wild animals from most palatable food, affects survival.
• Pollution – noise, pesticides
• Natural calamities – flood, drought, volcanic eruption etc.
• Poaching – food, hide, fur, plumage musk, tusk and horn etc.
• Hunting – recreation.

Some terms

Extinct – the species not definitely reported during past 50 years in wild condⁿ example pink headed duck – suspected to be extinct.

Endangered - if trend of loss of wildlife species contineus at the same rate, species would be in immediate danger of extinction mainly due to habitat loss. Example Panthera tigris, Elephus maximus, Bengal florican etc

Vulnerable - number decreasing due to over exploitation, destruction of habitat, likely to be endangered in near future. Example Asiatic wild dog, Himalayan Black bear etc

Rare - the popⁿ of wild life at risk but not endangered or vulnerable, popⁿ localized within extensive area, example Imperial eagle, Rufous necked Hornbill etc.

Threatened – general term to denote species that are endangered, rare or vulnerable, insufficiently known

IUCN – International Union for conservation of Nature and Resources 1948, head quarter in Switzerland. Red data book – compiled by IUCN , list of endangered spp

WWF world wildlife fund 1961

CITES Convention of International Trade of Endangered species of fauna and flora 1973

Wildlife management

• Habitat management, establishment of National Parks, Reserves, Sanctuaries etc
• Breeding in captivity – ginko and metasequiria survival in captivity only
• Reintroduction- rhinoceros reintroduced in Berdia
• Mass education
• Promulgation of laws

Protected areas in Nepal

ü Until 1950, rich in flora and fauna

ü Adverse effect on wildlife due to increase in human popn, used forest for cultivation and housing

ü Destroyed forest for economic benefit, rhinoceros killed for horn, tiger for skin, deer for meat

In 1970, Royal Chitwan National Park and Langtang National Park established.

In 1973, law passed to set up more National Parks and wildlife reserves.

National Park –

o It is the reserved area set aside for conservation, management and utilization of animals and vegetation.

o In this area, soil, principal geographic areas, landscapes are also managed properly. Entry into NP is restricted without permit and guarded by army

o Animal hunting, cutting of plants etc are strictly prohibited. Grazing of domestic animals and construction of houses are also not allowed.

o All NP are managed by Dept of National Parks and wildlife conservation (DNPWC)

Khaptad NP

Area 225 Km², established in 2042 BS

Location mid mountain region of far western Nepal

Common trees – chirpine, spruce, fir, maple birch, rhododendron

Common fauna – leopard, himlayan black bear, musk deer, ghoral, Himalayan tahr

Lake Rara NP

Area 106 Km², established in 2032 BS

Location North west Nepal

Common tree coniferous forest dominated by blue pine ideal habitat for Musk deer

Common fauna musk deer, Himalayan black bear, leopard. Ghoral, himalayn tahr, wild boar, impeyan pheasant, kaliz

Royal Berdia NP

Area 968 Km² established 2045 BS

Location Far western Terai

Common tree – nearly 70% dominated by sal forest, excellent habitat for endangered animal like rhinoceros

Common fauna wild elephant, tiger, swamp deer, black buck, gharial, Dolphin

Shey Phoksundo NP

Area 3555 Km² largest established 2040 BS

Location mountain region of western Nepal

Common tree blue pine spruce, poplar, deodar quercus provide habitat for snow leopard

Common fauna blue sheep, ghoral leopard, wolf jackal Himalayan mouse hare langur

Royal Chitwan NP

Area 932Km² established 2030 BS

Location sub tropical inner Terai lowland, world heritage site in 1984

Common tree- sal

Common fauna - Park renowned for one horned Rhino, tiger, gharial crocodile gaur, wild

elephant four horned antelope striped hyena, pangolin, sambar deer, chital etc

Langtang NP

Area 1710 Km² established 2032

Location central Himalayan region

Common fauna wild dog, red panda, musk deer rhesus monkey, langur etc

Sagarmatha NP

Area 1148 Km² established 2032 BS

Location North eastern part , includes the highest peak Mt. Everest

World heritage site in 1979

Common tree pine hemlock forest, fir, juniper

Common fauna Himalayan tahr, ghoral musk deer

Makalu Barun NP

Area 1500 Km² established 2047 BS

Location Eastern part

Some unique pocket of plant and animals 47 varieties of orchid, 67 spp of medicinal plants, rhododendron

Red panda, musk deer, clouded leopard, snow leopard, barking deer, more than 400 spp of birds

Shivpuri NP

Previously Shivpuri watershed management and wildlife reserve

Area 144 Km²

North of Ktm habitat for Himalayan plants and many birds

Wildlife reserves

Royal Suklaphanta WR

Area 155 Km² established 2031

Southeastern part

Habitat for swamp deer, wild elephant, tiger, leopard, chital etc

Persa WR

Area 499 Km² established 2040 BS

Provide habitat for wild elephant, tiger leopard, wild dog etc

Koshitappu WR

Area 175 Km² established 2039 BS

Location eastern flood plain of Saptakoshi river

Habitat for last surviving popn of wild buffalo Arna, wild boar, spotted deer, ghoral

Dhorpatan Hunting reserve

Area 1375 Km² established 2041 BS

For purpose of spot hunting guarded by army

Habitat for blue sheep, leopard, ghoral, black bear

Annapurna conservation area

Area 7000 Km² established 2043 BS

Managed under King Mahendra Trust for Nature conservation

Blue sheep, snow leopard

Makalu Barun conservation Area

Area 830 Km² established 2047 BS

Birds, medicinal plants

Kanchanjunga conservation area